Vertebrates animals

Anatomy and morphology
One characteristic of the subphylum are that all members have muscular systems that mostly consist of paired masses, as well as a central nervous system which is partly located inside the backbone (if one is present). The defining characteristic of a vertebrate is considered the backbone or spinal cord, a brain case, and an internal skeleton, but the latter do not hold true for lampreys, and the former is arguably present in some other chordates. Rather, all vertebrates are most easily distinguished from all other chordates by having a clearly identifiable head, that is, sensory organs – especially eyes are concentrated at the fore end of the body and there is pronounced cephalization. Compare the lancelets which have a mouth but not a well-developed head, and have light-sensitive areas along their entire back.

Evolutionary history
Vertebrates originated about 500 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion, which is part of the Cambrian period. The earliest known vertebrate is Myllokunmingia. According to recent molecular analysis Myxini (hagfish) also belong to Vertebrates. Others consider them a sister group of Vertebrates in the common taxon of Craniata

Here you can find some vertebrates animals, they're going to tell you about their Bone System

Human Body

A typical adult human skeleton commonly consists of 206, 208 or more bones depending on the method used in counting. The count of 208 considers the sternum to be made up of three bones instead of one; manubrium, body of sternum also known as (gladiolus) and xiphoid process. Anatomical variation may also result in the formation of more or less bones. More common variations include cervical ribs or an additional lumbar vertebra. Babies are born with around 300 to 350 bones, many of which fuse together during growth.

In the skull (22):







Cranial bones:
frontal bone













parietal bone (2)













temporal bone (2)












occipital bone



















sphenoid bone













ethmoid bone



















Facial bones:
mandible












maxilla (2)















palatine bone (2)

















zygomatic bone (2)
















nasal bone (2)




















lacrimal bone (2)

















vomer bone















inferior nasal conchae (2)















In the middle ears (6):
malleus (2)
















incus (2)











stapes (2)











In the throat (1):
hyoid bone












In the shoulder girdle (4):
scapula or shoulder blade (2)













clavicle or collarbone (2)










In the thorax (25 or 27):
sternum




















Can be considered as three bones; manubrium, body of sternum (gladiolus) and xiphoid process
ribs (2 x 12)
In the vertebral column (24):

cervical vertebrae (7)
thoracic vertebrae (12)
lumbar vertebrae (5)





















In the arms (2):
humerus (2)










In the forearms (4):

radius (2)
ulna (2)



In the hands (54):

Carpal (wrist) bones:
scaphoid bone (2)
lunate bone (2)
triquetral bone (2)
pisiform bone (2)
trapezium (2)
trapezoid bone (2)
capitate bone (2)
hamate bone (2)
Metacarpus (palm) bones:
metacarpal bones (5 × 2)
Digits of the hand (finger bones or phalanges):
proximal phalanges (5 × 2)
intermediate phalanges (4 × 2)
distal phalanges (5 × 2)

In the pelvis (4):

coccyx
sacrum
hip bone (innominate bone or coxal bone) (2)

In the thighs (2):

femur (2)

In the legs (6):

patella (2)
tibia (2)
fibula (2)

In the feet (52):

Tarsal (ankle) bones:
calcaneus (heel bone) (2)
talus (2)
navicular bone (2)
medial cuneiform bone (2)
intermediate cuneiform bone (2)
lateral cuneiform bone (2)
cuboid bone (2)
Metatarsus bones:
metatarsal bone (5 × 2)
Digits of the foot (toe bones or phalanges):
proximal phalanges (5 × 2)
intermediate phalanges (4 × 2)
distal phalanges (5 × 2)