Vertebrates animals

Anatomy and morphology
One characteristic of the subphylum are that all members have muscular systems that mostly consist of paired masses, as well as a central nervous system which is partly located inside the backbone (if one is present). The defining characteristic of a vertebrate is considered the backbone or spinal cord, a brain case, and an internal skeleton, but the latter do not hold true for lampreys, and the former is arguably present in some other chordates. Rather, all vertebrates are most easily distinguished from all other chordates by having a clearly identifiable head, that is, sensory organs – especially eyes are concentrated at the fore end of the body and there is pronounced cephalization. Compare the lancelets which have a mouth but not a well-developed head, and have light-sensitive areas along their entire back.

Evolutionary history
Vertebrates originated about 500 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion, which is part of the Cambrian period. The earliest known vertebrate is Myllokunmingia. According to recent molecular analysis Myxini (hagfish) also belong to Vertebrates. Others consider them a sister group of Vertebrates in the common taxon of Craniata

Here you can find some vertebrates animals, they're going to tell you about their Bone System

Human Body

A typical adult human skeleton commonly consists of 206, 208 or more bones depending on the method used in counting. The count of 208 considers the sternum to be made up of three bones instead of one; manubrium, body of sternum also known as (gladiolus) and xiphoid process. Anatomical variation may also result in the formation of more or less bones. More common variations include cervical ribs or an additional lumbar vertebra. Babies are born with around 300 to 350 bones, many of which fuse together during growth.

In the skull (22):







Cranial bones:
frontal bone













parietal bone (2)













temporal bone (2)












occipital bone



















sphenoid bone













ethmoid bone



















Facial bones:
mandible












maxilla (2)















palatine bone (2)

















zygomatic bone (2)
















nasal bone (2)




















lacrimal bone (2)

















vomer bone















inferior nasal conchae (2)















In the middle ears (6):
malleus (2)
















incus (2)











stapes (2)











In the throat (1):
hyoid bone












In the shoulder girdle (4):
scapula or shoulder blade (2)













clavicle or collarbone (2)










In the thorax (25 or 27):
sternum




















Can be considered as three bones; manubrium, body of sternum (gladiolus) and xiphoid process
ribs (2 x 12)
In the vertebral column (24):

cervical vertebrae (7)
thoracic vertebrae (12)
lumbar vertebrae (5)





















In the arms (2):
humerus (2)










In the forearms (4):

radius (2)
ulna (2)



In the hands (54):

Carpal (wrist) bones:
scaphoid bone (2)
lunate bone (2)
triquetral bone (2)
pisiform bone (2)
trapezium (2)
trapezoid bone (2)
capitate bone (2)
hamate bone (2)
Metacarpus (palm) bones:
metacarpal bones (5 × 2)
Digits of the hand (finger bones or phalanges):
proximal phalanges (5 × 2)
intermediate phalanges (4 × 2)
distal phalanges (5 × 2)

In the pelvis (4):

coccyx
sacrum
hip bone (innominate bone or coxal bone) (2)

In the thighs (2):

femur (2)

In the legs (6):

patella (2)
tibia (2)
fibula (2)

In the feet (52):

Tarsal (ankle) bones:
calcaneus (heel bone) (2)
talus (2)
navicular bone (2)
medial cuneiform bone (2)
intermediate cuneiform bone (2)
lateral cuneiform bone (2)
cuboid bone (2)
Metatarsus bones:
metatarsal bone (5 × 2)
Digits of the foot (toe bones or phalanges):
proximal phalanges (5 × 2)
intermediate phalanges (4 × 2)
distal phalanges (5 × 2)

Bones and muscles in the animals in the nature

The skeleton is the body's framework. Without it we could not stand up straight. We would simply flop around like jello. Not all animals have bones. Worms don't. Other animals such as lobsters wear a protective shield on the outside of their bodies; this is called an exoskeleton.
A baby starts out with 300 bones when it is first born. Some of those bones later fuse together. An adult skeleton has 206 bones. About half of all of the bones are found in the hands and feet.
When you are born, your bones are soft. They are made of a rubbery substance called cartilage. (Your nose is made of cartilage.) Soon after you were born, your bones started to harden.Types of Bones
Long bones are long and skinny. Some examples would be the bones in your arms, legs, and fingers.
Short bones are short and chunky. These are the bones found in your ankles or wrists.
Flat bones include your ribs and shoulder blades. They are the plate-like bones.
Irregular bones are the bones that don't fit in the three categories listed above. They are the odd shaped bones such as the bones of the vertebrate and the bones inside your ear. Bones are very much alive. 30% of the bone is living tissue. 25% of the bone is made of water. The red blood cells in your body is actually made by your bones in a special soft tissue called marrow.
Bones are very strong for their weight. The centers of the long bones in your body are hollow. This shape provides lightness and a place for blood marrow, which produces the red blood cells your body needs. The bones in your body are connected with different types of joints. They allow your body to move in several different ways.
Muscles
Connected to your bones are 656 muscles. Muscles are responsible for your body's every move. Muscles keep your tongue moving, your heart pounding, and your lungs pumping. Muscles keep your throat clear and your food moving along. Muscles are more than movers. In the process of all their work, they make much of the heat that keeps us warm. The average person's muscles do daily work amounting to loading 24,000 pounds onto a four-foot-high shelf.
Muscles control all of the movements in our body with one simple action . A muscle can make itself shorter, or contract. When it isn't contracted, it is relaxed.
Scientists know that the brain sends a signal through the nerves that tells the muscle to move in a certain way. How the muscles get the correct message from the brain so quickly is still somewhat of a mystery.
Muscles work in teams. Every set of muscles has an opposite set of muscles so each movement can be reversed.Three Types of Muscle in the Human Body
Skeletal muscles are the muscles that move your bones around. They also move other parts such as your eyes. Skeletal muscles are made up of straight strips of muscle fiber lying side by side. These muscles are voluntary. They work on command from your brain.
Smooth muscle controls the body's internal movements such as the beating of the heart or the pumping of food in your stomach.
Cardiac muscle is the strong muscle fiber that makes up the heart.

skeletal sistem

in this video you can see the structure of the bones